The exact cause of anal cancer is not known, but most anal cancers appear to be linked to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). While HPV infection appears to be important in the development of anal cancer, the vast majority of people with HPV infections do not develop anal cancer.
Much research is underway to learn HPV can cause anal cancer. There is good evidence that HPV causes a lot of anal squamous cell carcinomas. But the role of this virus in the cause of anal adenocarcinomas is less certain. More than 100 subtypes of HPV have been found. The subtype known as HPV-16 is often found in squamous cell carcinoma and is also found in some anal warts. Another type, HPV-18, was found less frequently. Most anal warts are caused by HPV-6 and HPV-11. Warts that contain HPV-6 or HPV-11 are much less likely to become cancerous than those containing HPV-16.
HPV makes proteins called E6 and E7 may close two major tumor suppressor proteins in normal cells. These proteins - p53 and Rb - normally work to keep cells from growing out of control. When not activated, the cells can become cancerous.
When the body is less able to fight infections, such as the HPV virus can be active and trigger the development of anal cancer. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, weakens the body's immune system, such as drugs can be used to prevent rejection in patients with kidney, heart, liver or other organ transplants.
Most people know that smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. But few realize that chemicals that cause cancer in snuff smoke can travel from the lungs to the body. Many studies have noted an increase in the rate of anal cancer in smokers, and snuff consumption effect is especially important for people with other risk factors for anal cancer.
It is important to remember that some patients with anal cancer have no known risk factors and causes of cancer are not known.
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