| Can anal cancer be prevented.Therefore,Since the cause of many cases of anal cancer is known that the disease can be prevented completely. The best way to reduce the risk of anal cancer is to prevent infection with HPV or HIV. The risk of these infections is greater for those who have sex with multiple partners and having unprotected anal sex. HPV infection increases the risk of anal cancer. HPV infection may be present for years without symptoms, so the absence of visible warts can not be used to find out if someone has HPV. Even when someone does not have warts (or any other symptom), he (or she) can still be infected with HPV and pass the virus to another person. Condoms ("rubbers") provide some protection against HPV, but can not completely protect against infection. This is because HPV can still be transmitted from one person to another by skin to skin contact with an HPV-infected area of the body not covered by a condom - as the skin in the genital or anal area. However, it is important to use condoms to protect against AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted through certain body fluids. A vaccine called Gardasil ® can help protect against infection with HPV subtypes 16 and 18 (as well as 6 and 11). In studies, this vaccine was found to prevent anal and genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11 and to prevent anal cancer, vulvar, vaginal and cervical cancer and precancerous lesions caused by types 16 and 18. This vaccine can only be used to prevent HPV infection - no help treat an existing infection. To be most effective, the vaccine should be administered before a person becomes sexually active. Gardasil was originally approved only for use in women to prevent cervical cancer, but is now also approved to prevent vulvar and vaginal cancers and pre-cancer (in women) and to prevent anal cancer and precancer both men and women. It is also approved to prevent anal and genital warts in men and women. Cervarix ®, another HPV vaccine available in the U.S., can also be used to prevent infection with HPV types 16 and 18, but so far only been shown to help prevent cervical cancer and precancer and not any of the other cancers linked to HPV infection (such as cancer of the anus). Smoking is a known risk factor for anal cancer. Quitting smoking greatly reduces the risk of anal cancer and many other types of cancer. | ||
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
The best way to reduce the risk of developing anal cancer is to avoid infection with HPV or HIV. The risk of these infections is higher for those who have sex with multiple partners and those who have unprotected anal sex.
New Dicover On what causes anal cancer
The exact cause of anal cancer is not known, but most anal cancers appear to be linked to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). While HPV infection appears to be important in the development of anal cancer, the vast majority of people with HPV infections do not develop anal cancer.
Much research is underway to learn HPV can cause anal cancer. There is good evidence that HPV causes a lot of anal squamous cell carcinomas. But the role of this virus in the cause of anal adenocarcinomas is less certain. More than 100 subtypes of HPV have been found. The subtype known as HPV-16 is often found in squamous cell carcinoma and is also found in some anal warts. Another type, HPV-18, was found less frequently. Most anal warts are caused by HPV-6 and HPV-11. Warts that contain HPV-6 or HPV-11 are much less likely to become cancerous than those containing HPV-16.
HPV makes proteins called E6 and E7 may close two major tumor suppressor proteins in normal cells. These proteins - p53 and Rb - normally work to keep cells from growing out of control. When not activated, the cells can become cancerous.
When the body is less able to fight infections, such as the HPV virus can be active and trigger the development of anal cancer. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, weakens the body's immune system, such as drugs can be used to prevent rejection in patients with kidney, heart, liver or other organ transplants.
Most people know that smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. But few realize that chemicals that cause cancer in snuff smoke can travel from the lungs to the body. Many studies have noted an increase in the rate of anal cancer in smokers, and snuff consumption effect is especially important for people with other risk factors for anal cancer.
It is important to remember that some patients with anal cancer have no known risk factors and causes of cancer are not known.
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Much research is underway to learn HPV can cause anal cancer. There is good evidence that HPV causes a lot of anal squamous cell carcinomas. But the role of this virus in the cause of anal adenocarcinomas is less certain. More than 100 subtypes of HPV have been found. The subtype known as HPV-16 is often found in squamous cell carcinoma and is also found in some anal warts. Another type, HPV-18, was found less frequently. Most anal warts are caused by HPV-6 and HPV-11. Warts that contain HPV-6 or HPV-11 are much less likely to become cancerous than those containing HPV-16.
HPV makes proteins called E6 and E7 may close two major tumor suppressor proteins in normal cells. These proteins - p53 and Rb - normally work to keep cells from growing out of control. When not activated, the cells can become cancerous.
When the body is less able to fight infections, such as the HPV virus can be active and trigger the development of anal cancer. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, weakens the body's immune system, such as drugs can be used to prevent rejection in patients with kidney, heart, liver or other organ transplants.
Most people know that smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. But few realize that chemicals that cause cancer in snuff smoke can travel from the lungs to the body. Many studies have noted an increase in the rate of anal cancer in smokers, and snuff consumption effect is especially important for people with other risk factors for anal cancer.
It is important to remember that some patients with anal cancer have no known risk factors and causes of cancer are not known.
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What are the risk factors for anal cancer Today
The risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease like cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. For example, exposure to strong sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer. Smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer and many other types of cancer. But risk factors do not tell everything. Having a risk factor, or even several risk factors does not mean that you will get cancer. In addition, people without risk factors can develop cancer.
infection with human papilloma virus
The majority of anal squamous cell cancers have been linked to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), the same virus that causes cervical cancer. In fact, women with a history of cervical cancer (or pre-cancer) are at increased risk of anal cancer.
HPV is a group of more than 100 related viruses. They are called papilloma viruses because some of them cause papillomas, which are more commonly known as warts. There are several subtypes of the virus, but the most likely to cause anal cancer is called HPV-16, one. HPV-16 and HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 33 and HPV 45 are considered high-risk types of HPV, since they are strongly linked to cancer. They can also cause cancer of the cervix, vagina and vulva in women and penile cancer in men.
Other subtypes of HPV can cause warts in the genital and anal area. The medical term for warts is condyloma acuminatum. The two types of HPV that cause most cases of anal and genital warts are HPV 6 and HPV 11. They are called low-risk types of HPV, as they tend to cause warts but not cancer. HPV can cause anal and genital warts, but most people infected with HPV do not have genital warts or other signs of infection.
HPV is passed from one person to another during skin contact with the infected area of the body. HPV can be spread during sex - including vaginal intercourse, anal and oral sex - but sex does not have to occur for the infection from spreading. All you need is to have skin to skin contact with infected body area with HPV. HPV infection seems to be able to spread from one body part to another - for example, infection can begin in the genitals and then spread to the anus. The only way to completely prevent anal HPV infection and genital never allow another person to have contact with those areas of the body.
HPV infection is common, and in most cases the body is able to eliminate the infection by itself. But in some cases the infection remains and becomes chronic. Chronic infection, especially when you're with the HPV types of high risk over time can cause certain cancers, including anal cancer.
For men, the two main factors influencing the risk of HPV infection are genital circumcision and the number of sexual partners. Men who are circumcised (have had the foreskin removed) are less likely to become and remain infected with HPV. The risk of being infected with HPV is also strongly linked to having multiple sexual partners (for the life of a man.)
For women, certain factors have been linked with an increased risk of genital HPV infection, such as:
* Starting to have sex at an early age
* Having multiple sexual partners
* Having sex with a partner who has had many other partners
* Having sex with uncircumcised men
In a study that analyzed risk factors for anal HPV infection in women, the risk was higher in younger women and those who were more than five lifetime sexual partners. Always having anal sex is also a greater risk.
Circumcision and HPV: Men who are circumcised are more likely to be infected with HPV and pass it to their partners. The reasons for this are unclear. It may be that the skin on the glans penis through changes that make it more resistant to infection with HPV. Another theory is that the surface of the foreskin (which is removed by circumcision) is more easily infected by HPV. However, circumcision does not protect completely against infection with HPV - men who are circumcised can get HPV and pass it to their partners.
Condoms and HPV: Condoms may provide some protection against HPV, but not completely prevent infection. One study found that when condoms are used correctly, can reduce the rate of genital HPV infection in women by 70% - but it is necessary to use sex all the time occurs. This study did not analyze the effect of condom use in anal HPV infection. In another study, men who used condoms less than half of the time had an increased risk of HPV infection. Condoms can not completely protect, and not covering all possible areas infected by HPV in the body such as the skin of the genital or anal area. However, condoms provide some protection against HPV, and also protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms (when used by the male partner) also appear to help clear genital HPV infections (away) faster in women and men.
Other cancers
Every time you have cancer of the cervix, vagina or vulva is associated with an increased risk of anal cancer. This is likely because these cancers are caused by infection with HPV. Although it is likely that cancer of the penis, which is also linked to HPV infection, increase the risk of anal cancer, this link has not been proven in studies.
HIV infection
People infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, are much more likely to develop anal cancer than those not infected with this virus. effective drug treatment for HIV has decreased the risk for many diseases related to AIDS, but has not lowered the rate of anal cancer.
Sexual activity
Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of infection with HIV and HPV. It also increases the risk of anal cancer.
Receptive anal sex increases the risk of anal cancer in men and women, especially those under 30 years of age.
Smoking
Smoking also increases the risk of anal cancer. Smokers are much more likely to have anal cancer compared with nonsmokers. Quitting smoking reduces the risk. People who used to smoke but have quit are only slightly more likely to develop cervical cancer compared with never smokers.
Decreased immunity
The highest rates of anal cancer occur in people with reduced immunity, such as people who have had organ transplants and take medications that suppress their immune system.
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infection with human papilloma virus
The majority of anal squamous cell cancers have been linked to infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), the same virus that causes cervical cancer. In fact, women with a history of cervical cancer (or pre-cancer) are at increased risk of anal cancer.
HPV is a group of more than 100 related viruses. They are called papilloma viruses because some of them cause papillomas, which are more commonly known as warts. There are several subtypes of the virus, but the most likely to cause anal cancer is called HPV-16, one. HPV-16 and HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 33 and HPV 45 are considered high-risk types of HPV, since they are strongly linked to cancer. They can also cause cancer of the cervix, vagina and vulva in women and penile cancer in men.
Other subtypes of HPV can cause warts in the genital and anal area. The medical term for warts is condyloma acuminatum. The two types of HPV that cause most cases of anal and genital warts are HPV 6 and HPV 11. They are called low-risk types of HPV, as they tend to cause warts but not cancer. HPV can cause anal and genital warts, but most people infected with HPV do not have genital warts or other signs of infection.
HPV is passed from one person to another during skin contact with the infected area of the body. HPV can be spread during sex - including vaginal intercourse, anal and oral sex - but sex does not have to occur for the infection from spreading. All you need is to have skin to skin contact with infected body area with HPV. HPV infection seems to be able to spread from one body part to another - for example, infection can begin in the genitals and then spread to the anus. The only way to completely prevent anal HPV infection and genital never allow another person to have contact with those areas of the body.
HPV infection is common, and in most cases the body is able to eliminate the infection by itself. But in some cases the infection remains and becomes chronic. Chronic infection, especially when you're with the HPV types of high risk over time can cause certain cancers, including anal cancer.
For men, the two main factors influencing the risk of HPV infection are genital circumcision and the number of sexual partners. Men who are circumcised (have had the foreskin removed) are less likely to become and remain infected with HPV. The risk of being infected with HPV is also strongly linked to having multiple sexual partners (for the life of a man.)
For women, certain factors have been linked with an increased risk of genital HPV infection, such as:
* Starting to have sex at an early age
* Having multiple sexual partners
* Having sex with a partner who has had many other partners
* Having sex with uncircumcised men
In a study that analyzed risk factors for anal HPV infection in women, the risk was higher in younger women and those who were more than five lifetime sexual partners. Always having anal sex is also a greater risk.
Circumcision and HPV: Men who are circumcised are more likely to be infected with HPV and pass it to their partners. The reasons for this are unclear. It may be that the skin on the glans penis through changes that make it more resistant to infection with HPV. Another theory is that the surface of the foreskin (which is removed by circumcision) is more easily infected by HPV. However, circumcision does not protect completely against infection with HPV - men who are circumcised can get HPV and pass it to their partners.
Condoms and HPV: Condoms may provide some protection against HPV, but not completely prevent infection. One study found that when condoms are used correctly, can reduce the rate of genital HPV infection in women by 70% - but it is necessary to use sex all the time occurs. This study did not analyze the effect of condom use in anal HPV infection. In another study, men who used condoms less than half of the time had an increased risk of HPV infection. Condoms can not completely protect, and not covering all possible areas infected by HPV in the body such as the skin of the genital or anal area. However, condoms provide some protection against HPV, and also protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms (when used by the male partner) also appear to help clear genital HPV infections (away) faster in women and men.
Other cancers
Every time you have cancer of the cervix, vagina or vulva is associated with an increased risk of anal cancer. This is likely because these cancers are caused by infection with HPV. Although it is likely that cancer of the penis, which is also linked to HPV infection, increase the risk of anal cancer, this link has not been proven in studies.
HIV infection
People infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, are much more likely to develop anal cancer than those not infected with this virus. effective drug treatment for HIV has decreased the risk for many diseases related to AIDS, but has not lowered the rate of anal cancer.
Sexual activity
Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of infection with HIV and HPV. It also increases the risk of anal cancer.
Receptive anal sex increases the risk of anal cancer in men and women, especially those under 30 years of age.
Smoking
Smoking also increases the risk of anal cancer. Smokers are much more likely to have anal cancer compared with nonsmokers. Quitting smoking reduces the risk. People who used to smoke but have quit are only slightly more likely to develop cervical cancer compared with never smokers.
Decreased immunity
The highest rates of anal cancer occur in people with reduced immunity, such as people who have had organ transplants and take medications that suppress their immune system.
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How Can Cancer Be Prevented?
Cancers that are closely linked to certain behaviors are the easiest to prevent. For example, do not choose to smoke or alcohol snuff significantly reduce the risk of several types of cancer - particularly lung cancer, throat, mouth, and liver. Even if you are a current user of snuff, smoking cessation can still greatly reduce your chances of getting cancer.
Skin cancer can be prevented by staying in the shade, protected with a hat and shirt when in the sun and use sunscreen. Diet is also an important part of cancer prevention, since what we eat has been associated with the disease. Doctors recommend diets that are low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables and whole grains.
Some vaccines have been associated with preventing some cancers. For example, many women receive a vaccine for human papilloma virus because of the relationship of the virus with cervical cancer. Hepatitis B vaccine prevents hepatitis B virus, which can cause liver cancer.
Some cancer prevention based on screening to detect small irregularities or tumors as soon as possible, even if no clear symptoms present. Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-examination and Pap tests are common methods to detect various types of cancer.
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Skin cancer can be prevented by staying in the shade, protected with a hat and shirt when in the sun and use sunscreen. Diet is also an important part of cancer prevention, since what we eat has been associated with the disease. Doctors recommend diets that are low in fat and rich in fruits and vegetables and whole grains.
Some vaccines have been associated with preventing some cancers. For example, many women receive a vaccine for human papilloma virus because of the relationship of the virus with cervical cancer. Hepatitis B vaccine prevents hepatitis B virus, which can cause liver cancer.
Some cancer prevention based on screening to detect small irregularities or tumors as soon as possible, even if no clear symptoms present. Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-examination and Pap tests are common methods to detect various types of cancer.
How Is Cancer Treated Today
Cancer treatment depends on the type of cancer, cancer stage (how far it has spread), age, health status, and additional personal characteristics. No single treatment for cancer, and patients often receive a combination of therapies and palliative care. Treatments generally fall into one of the following categories: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy or gene therapy.
Surgery
Surgery is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If the cancer has not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by surgical removal of cancer from the body. This is often seen in the removal of the prostate or breast or a testicle. After the disease has spread, however, it is almost impossible to eliminate all cancer cells. Surgery can also be instrumental in helping to control symptoms such as intestinal obstruction or compression of the spinal cord.
Radiation
Radiation treatment, also known as radiotherapy, focusing on the cancer-killing high-energy rays in cancer cells. This causes damage to the molecules that make cancer cells and leads them to commit suicide. Radiation therapy uses high-energy gamma rays that are emitted from metals such as radio or high-energy x-rays that are created in a special machine. The first few radiation treatments caused severe side effects due to energy rays can damage normal, healthy tissue, but the technology has improved so you can be more objective with precision. Radiation therapy is used as a stand-alone treatment to shrink the tumor or destroy cancer cells (including those associated with leukemia and lymphoma), and is also used in combination with other cancer treatments.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses chemicals that interfere with the process of cell division - harmful proteins or DNA - to cancer cells commit suicide. These treatments target all rapidly dividing cells (not necessarily only the cancer cells), but normal cells can usually recover from damage induced by chemical, while cancer cells can not. Chemotherapy is usually used to treat cancer that has spread or metastasized and the drugs travel throughout the body. Is a necessary treatment for some forms of leukemia and lymphoma. The chemotherapy treatment occurs in cycles so that the body has time to recover between doses. However, there are still common side effects such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue and vomiting. Combination therapies often include several types of chemotherapy or chemotherapy combined with other treatment options.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy aims to get the body's immune system to fight the tumor. injected local immunotherapy treatment in an affected area, for example, because of the inflammation that causes tumors to shrink. systemic immunotherapy is all the body by administration of an agent such as interferon alpha protein that can shrink tumors. Immunotherapy can also be considered not specific if it improves the ability to fight cancer by stimulating the immune system, and can be considered if treatment directed specifically tells the immune system to destroy cancer cells. These treatments are relatively young, but researchers have had success with the treatments that have antibodies against the body that inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. Bone marrow transplantation (transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells) can also be considered immunotherapy because the donor's immune cells, often attack the tumor cells or cancer are present in the host.
Hormone Therapy
Several cancers have been associated with some types of hormones, especially breast cancer and prostate cancer. Hormone therapy is designed to alter the production of hormones in the body so that cancer cells stop growing or killed altogether. Hormonal therapy for breast cancer often focus on reducing levels of estrogen (a common drug tamoxifen) and prostate cancer therapies hormone often focus on reducing levels of testosterone. In addition, some cases of leukemia and lymphoma can be treated with the hormone cortisone.
Gene therapy
The goal of gene therapy is to replace damaged genes with those working to tackle one of the causes of cancer: the DNA damage. For example, researchers are trying to replace the damaged gene that signals cells to stop dividing (p53) with a copy of a working gene. Other gene-based therapies focus on more DNA damaging cancer cells to the point where the cell commits suicide. Gene therapy is a very young and still has not led to any successful treatment.
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Surgery
Surgery is the oldest known treatment for cancer. If the cancer has not metastasized, it is possible to completely cure a patient by surgical removal of cancer from the body. This is often seen in the removal of the prostate or breast or a testicle. After the disease has spread, however, it is almost impossible to eliminate all cancer cells. Surgery can also be instrumental in helping to control symptoms such as intestinal obstruction or compression of the spinal cord.
Radiation
Radiation treatment, also known as radiotherapy, focusing on the cancer-killing high-energy rays in cancer cells. This causes damage to the molecules that make cancer cells and leads them to commit suicide. Radiation therapy uses high-energy gamma rays that are emitted from metals such as radio or high-energy x-rays that are created in a special machine. The first few radiation treatments caused severe side effects due to energy rays can damage normal, healthy tissue, but the technology has improved so you can be more objective with precision. Radiation therapy is used as a stand-alone treatment to shrink the tumor or destroy cancer cells (including those associated with leukemia and lymphoma), and is also used in combination with other cancer treatments.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses chemicals that interfere with the process of cell division - harmful proteins or DNA - to cancer cells commit suicide. These treatments target all rapidly dividing cells (not necessarily only the cancer cells), but normal cells can usually recover from damage induced by chemical, while cancer cells can not. Chemotherapy is usually used to treat cancer that has spread or metastasized and the drugs travel throughout the body. Is a necessary treatment for some forms of leukemia and lymphoma. The chemotherapy treatment occurs in cycles so that the body has time to recover between doses. However, there are still common side effects such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue and vomiting. Combination therapies often include several types of chemotherapy or chemotherapy combined with other treatment options.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy aims to get the body's immune system to fight the tumor. injected local immunotherapy treatment in an affected area, for example, because of the inflammation that causes tumors to shrink. systemic immunotherapy is all the body by administration of an agent such as interferon alpha protein that can shrink tumors. Immunotherapy can also be considered not specific if it improves the ability to fight cancer by stimulating the immune system, and can be considered if treatment directed specifically tells the immune system to destroy cancer cells. These treatments are relatively young, but researchers have had success with the treatments that have antibodies against the body that inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. Bone marrow transplantation (transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells) can also be considered immunotherapy because the donor's immune cells, often attack the tumor cells or cancer are present in the host.
Hormone Therapy
Several cancers have been associated with some types of hormones, especially breast cancer and prostate cancer. Hormone therapy is designed to alter the production of hormones in the body so that cancer cells stop growing or killed altogether. Hormonal therapy for breast cancer often focus on reducing levels of estrogen (a common drug tamoxifen) and prostate cancer therapies hormone often focus on reducing levels of testosterone. In addition, some cases of leukemia and lymphoma can be treated with the hormone cortisone.
Gene therapy
The goal of gene therapy is to replace damaged genes with those working to tackle one of the causes of cancer: the DNA damage. For example, researchers are trying to replace the damaged gene that signals cells to stop dividing (p53) with a copy of a working gene. Other gene-based therapies focus on more DNA damaging cancer cells to the point where the cell commits suicide. Gene therapy is a very young and still has not led to any successful treatment.
How Is Cancer Diagnosed And Staged?
Early detection of cancer can improve the chances of successful treatment and survival. Doctors use information on the symptoms and various other procedures to diagnose cancer. Imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, PET scans, and ultrasounds are regularly used to detect when a tumor is located and what organs can be affected. Doctors may also perform an endoscopy, a procedure that uses a thin tube with a camera and light at one end, to look for abnormalities inside the body.
The removal of cancer cells and watch them on a microscope is the only absolute way to diagnose cancer. This procedure is called a biopsy. Other types of molecular diagnostic tests are often used as well. Doctors will analyze your body sugars, fats, proteins and DNA at the molecular level. For example, prostate cancer cells release higher levels of a chemical called PSA (prostate specific antigen) in the bloodstream that can be detected by a blood test. Molecular diagnosis, biopsy and imaging techniques are used together to diagnose cancer.
After a diagnosis, doctors discover how far the cancer has spread and stage of cancer. The stage determines what options are available for the treatment and informed forecasts. The method of staging the most common cancer is called the TNM system. T (1-4) indicates the size and direct as the primary tumor, N (0-3) indicates the degree to which the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and M (0-1) indicates whether the cancer has metastasized to other organs in the body. A small tumor that has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs can be classified into stage (T1, N0, M0), for example.
TNM descriptions then lead to a more simple steps, from 0 to 4, where lower numbers indicate that the cancer has spread less. Although the majority of Stage 1 tumors are curable, most Stage 4 tumors are inoperable or incurable.
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The removal of cancer cells and watch them on a microscope is the only absolute way to diagnose cancer. This procedure is called a biopsy. Other types of molecular diagnostic tests are often used as well. Doctors will analyze your body sugars, fats, proteins and DNA at the molecular level. For example, prostate cancer cells release higher levels of a chemical called PSA (prostate specific antigen) in the bloodstream that can be detected by a blood test. Molecular diagnosis, biopsy and imaging techniques are used together to diagnose cancer.
After a diagnosis, doctors discover how far the cancer has spread and stage of cancer. The stage determines what options are available for the treatment and informed forecasts. The method of staging the most common cancer is called the TNM system. T (1-4) indicates the size and direct as the primary tumor, N (0-3) indicates the degree to which the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and M (0-1) indicates whether the cancer has metastasized to other organs in the body. A small tumor that has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs can be classified into stage (T1, N0, M0), for example.
TNM descriptions then lead to a more simple steps, from 0 to 4, where lower numbers indicate that the cancer has spread less. Although the majority of Stage 1 tumors are curable, most Stage 4 tumors are inoperable or incurable.
How cancer classified
There are five major groups that are used for cancer.
1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells lining the inner and outer parts of the body such as lung, breast and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells found in bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle and other supporting tissues.
3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and tissues of the immune system.
4. Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream.
5. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland and other glandular tissues.
Cancers are often referred to by terms that contain a prefix related to the type of cell in which the cancer originated and a suffix such as-sarcoma, cancer, or just oma. common prefixes include:
• Adeno- = gland
• Chondro- = cartilage
• Erythro- = red blood cell
• Hemangio- = blood vessels
• Hepato- = liver
• Lipo- = fat
• Lympho- = white blood cell
• Melano- = pigment cell
• Myelo- = bone marrow
• Myo- = muscle
• Osteo- = bone
• Uro- = bladder
• Retino- = eye
• Neuro- = brain
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1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells lining the inner and outer parts of the body such as lung, breast and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells found in bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle and other supporting tissues.
3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and tissues of the immune system.
4. Leukemias are cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream.
5. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland and other glandular tissues.
Cancers are often referred to by terms that contain a prefix related to the type of cell in which the cancer originated and a suffix such as-sarcoma, cancer, or just oma. common prefixes include:
• Adeno- = gland
• Chondro- = cartilage
• Erythro- = red blood cell
• Hemangio- = blood vessels
• Hepato- = liver
• Lipo- = fat
• Lympho- = white blood cell
• Melano- = pigment cell
• Myelo- = bone marrow
• Myo- = muscle
• Osteo- = bone
• Uro- = bladder
• Retino- = eye
• Neuro- = brain
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